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License Samuelstype End User License AgreementEnd user licensing terms:The Font Software is licensed for use at one (1) location with a maximum of five (5) devices.Using the Font Software at more than one (1) location or with more than five (5) devices requires a Multi-Device Site License upgrade. A device is defined as a computer, printer, character generator, server or any other machine that uses font data to rasterize letterforms.Upon completion of job a service bureau, if involved, must delete the font software or purchase their own license.Except as permitted herein, you may not modify, adapt, translate, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, alter or otherwise copy the Font Software.You are permitted to make a single back-up copy. The Font Software may not be sublicensed, sold, leased, rented, lent, or given away to another person or entity.The Font Software may be returned or exchanged only if defective. 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To ensure that P22 continues to bring you more exciting, historically relevant type, please take the time to read this agreement. It might not be the most fascinating read, but its very important and may answer many questions that you may have. Please register your fonts and remember that free software is an exception, not the rule. Notice to user. You (End User) have not purchased the ownership rights to this font, but rather a license to use this font on a limited basis. Purchasing a license for any P22 font or font distributed by P22 (International House of Fonts, Sherwood Collection and other) via download, or e-mail, constitutes an agreement between P22 type foundry, Inc (P22) and the end user of the enclosed typefaces (software) that the terms and conditions of this contract will be followed. If the fonts are purchased in hard copy format (CD-ROM or floppy disk), removing the media from its protective sleeve (paper pouch, DVD cases, or other) in which the media is contained constitutes the same agreement. If you do not agree with the terms of this agreement, return the complete package with the CD or floppy disk sleeve unopened to the place of purchase. If downloaded or received by e-mail, all files must be deleted. A signed affidavit may be required to receive a refund.2. Grant of License. The basic P22 distributed software license is limited for use on a total of 5 devices at one site for use on a single platform. A device is defined as a computer, printer, character generator, server or any other machine that uses font data to rasterize letterforms. A site is defined as one physical location. Platform refers to operating systems designated as 'Macintosh', 'Windows' or other. 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Kingdom: Phylum: Clade: Class: Aves, Extant • Infraclass • • • • • • • Infraclass • Superorder • • • Superorder • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Neornithes Gadow, 1883 Birds ( Aves) are a group of, characterised by, jaws, the of eggs, a high rate, a four-chambered, and a strong yet lightweight. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) to the 2.75 m (9 ft). They rank as the of with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being, sometimes known as perching birds. Birds are the closest living relatives of. Birds are descendants of extinct with, making them the only surviving dinosaurs according to. The record indicates that birds evolved from ancestors within the group, which are traditionally placed within the, though a 2017 paper has put them in a proposed clade, along with the. True birds first appeared during the period, around 120 million years ago. DNA-based evidence finds that birds diversified dramatically around the time of the 66 million years ago, which killed off the and all the non-avian dinosaur lineages. Birds, especially those in the southern continents, survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world while diversifying during periods of global cooling. Primitive bird-like dinosaurs that lie outside class Aves proper, in the broader group, have been found dating back to the mid- period, around 170 million years ago. Many of these early 'stem-birds', such as, were not yet capable of fully powered flight, and many retained primitive characteristics like toothy jaws in place of beaks, and long bony tails. Birds have which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the and. Wings, which evolved from, gave birds the ability to, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in, including,, and diverse. The and of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly and some, have further evolved for. Some birds, especially and, are among the most; several bird species, and many pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of. Many species annually great distances. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and, and participating in such social behaviours as and hunting,, and of predators. The vast majority of bird species are (referring to social living arrangement, distinct from genetic monogamy), usually for one breeding season at a time, sometimes for years, but rarely for life. Other species have breeding systems that are (arrangement of one male with many females) or, rarely, (arrangement of one female with many males). Birds produce offspring by laying which are fertilised through. They are usually laid in a and by the parents. Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching. Some birds, such as, lay eggs even when not fertilised, though unfertilised eggs do not produce offspring. Many species of birds are economically important as for human consumption and raw material in manufacturing, with domesticated and undomesticated birds ( and ) being important sources of eggs, meat, and feathers., parrots, and other species are popular as pets. (bird excrement) is harvested for use as a. Birds throughout human culture. About 120–130 species have become extinct due to human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, though efforts are underway to them. Recreational is an important part of the industry. Is often considered the oldest known true bird. The first of birds was developed by and in their 1676 volume Ornithologiae. Modified that work in 1758 to devise the system currently in use. Birds are categorised as the Aves in. Places Aves in the dinosaur. Definition Aves and a sister group, the clade, contain the only living representatives of the reptile clade. During the late 1990s, Aves was most commonly defined as all descendants of the of modern birds and. However, an earlier definition proposed by gained wide currency in the 21st century, and is used by many scientists including adherents of the system. Gauthier defined Aves to include only the of the set of modern birds. This was done by excluding most groups known only from fossils, and assigning them, instead, to the Avialae, in part to avoid the uncertainties about the placement of Archaeopteryx in relation to animals traditionally thought of as theropod dinosaurs. Gauthier identified four different definitions for the same biological name 'Aves', which is a problem. Gauthier proposed to reserve the term Aves only for the consisting of the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants, which corresponds to meaning number 4 below. He assigned other names to the other groups. Birds (including ) The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups. • Aves can mean those advanced with feathers (alternately ) • Aves can mean those that fly (alternately ) • Aves can mean all reptiles closer to birds than to (alternately ) • Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all the currently living birds and all of its descendants (a 'crown group', in this sense synonymous with Neornithes) Under the fourth definition Archaeopteryx is an avialan, and not a member of Aves. Gauthier's proposals have been adopted by many researchers in the field of palaeontology and bird evolution, though the exact definitions applied have been inconsistent. Avialae, initially proposed to replace the traditional fossil content of Aves, is often used synonymously with the vernacular term 'bird' by these researchers. Most researchers define Avialae as branch-based clade, though definitions vary. Many authors have used a definition similar to 'all closer to birds than to.' Avialae is also occasionally defined as an (that is, one based on physical characteristics)., who named Avialae in 1986, re-defined it in 2001 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered used in flapping, and the birds that descended from them. Dinosaurs and the origin of birds. Is an important source of information on the early evolution of birds in the period. † † † † † † Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau et al., 2015. Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialised subgroup of, and more specifically, they are members of, a group of theropods which includes and, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. Recent discoveries in the Province of northeast China, which demonstrate many small theropod, contribute to this ambiguity. The consensus view in contemporary is that the flying theropods, or, are the closest relatives of the, which include dromaeosaurids and. Together, these form a group called. Some members of this group, such as, have features which may have enabled them to glide or fly. The most basal deinonychosaurs were very small. This evidence raises the possibility that the ancestor of all paravians may have been, have been able to glide, or both. Unlike Archaeopteryx and the non-avialan feathered dinosaurs, who primarily ate meat, recent studies suggest that the first avialans were. The Archaeopteryx is well known as one of the first to be found, and it provided support for the in the late 19th century. Archaeopteryx was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics: teeth, clawed fingers, and a long, lizard-like tail, as well as wings with flight feathers similar to those of modern birds. It is not considered a direct ancestor of birds, though it is possibly closely related to the true ancestor. Early evolution. A Cretaceous bird from China that lived 125 million years ago, is the oldest known bird to have a beak. † † † † † † † † † † † † Cladogram following the results of a phylogenetic study by Cau et al., 2015. The earliest known avialan fossils come from the of China, which has been dated to the late period ( stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include,, and. The well-known early avialan, Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or 'hind wings' covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering. Avialans diversified into a wide variety of forms during the. Many groups retained, such as clawed wings and teeth, though the latter were lost independently in a number of avialan groups, including modern birds (Aves). While the earliest forms, such as Archaeopteryx and, retained the long bony tails of their ancestors, the tails of more advanced avialans were shortened with the advent of the bone in the group. In the late Cretaceous, around 95 million years ago, the ancestor of all modern birds also evolved a better sense of smell. Early diversity of bird ancestors. Which lived 93 million years ago, was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth. † † † † † † † † † † † † † Aves Mesozoic bird phylogeny simplified after Wang et al., 2015's phylogenetic analysis. The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the, or 'opposite birds', so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the era. Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the (meaning 'true birds', because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialised in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked perching adaptations and seem to have included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species. The later included the superficially -like, the, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws). Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers, which may have replaced the 'hind wing' as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight. Diversification of modern birds. See also: and Aves Other birds () Basal divergences of modern birds based on All modern birds lie within the Aves (alternately Neornithes), which has two subdivisions: the, which includes the flightless (such as the ) and the weak-flying, and the extremely diverse, containing all other birds. These two subdivisions are often given the of, although and Zusi assigned them 'cohort' rank. Depending on the viewpoint, the number of known living bird species varies anywhere from 9,800 to 10,050. The discovery of, a late Cretaceous member of the, proved that the diversification of modern birds started before the. The affinities of an earlier fossil, the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, are still too controversial to provide a fossil evidence of modern bird diversification. Most studies agree on a age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the to the latest. Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred before or after the. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while evidence points to a radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). Previous attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but more recent estimates, using a more comprehensive sample of fossils and a new way of calibrating, showed that while modern birds originated early in the, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the. Classification of bird orders. See also: of modern bird relationships based on Prum, R.O. (2015) with some names after Yuri, T. The range of the has expanded dramatically due to human activities. Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in. The highest bird occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher rates in the tropics; however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater rates than in the tropics. Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some species coming ashore only to breed and some have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft) deep. Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the, for example, has been introduced around the world as a. Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild in several North American cities after their escape from captivity. Some species, including, and, have far beyond their original ranges as created suitable new habitat. Anatomy and physiology. External anatomy of a bird (example: ): 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser, 7 Scapulars, 8 Median coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump, 11 Primaries, 12 Vent, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio-tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Foot, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle, 23 Eyestripe Compared with other vertebrates, birds have a that shows many unusual adaptations, mostly to facilitate. Skeletal system The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the. The skull bones in adults are fused and do not show. The are large and separated by a bony. The has cervical, thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions with the number of cervical (neck) vertebrae highly variable and especially flexible, but movement is reduced in the anterior and absent in the later vertebrae. The last few are fused with the to form the. The ribs are flattened and the is keeled for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders. The forelimbs are modified into wings. Excretory system Like the, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as instead of or through the ureters into the intestine. Birds do not have a or external urethral opening and (with exception of the ) uric acid is excreted along with faeces as a semisolid waste. However, birds such as hummingbirds can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete, rather than like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the bird's. The cloaca is a multi-purpose opening: waste is expelled through it, most birds mate by, and females lay eggs from it. In addition, many species of birds regurgitate. Males within (with the exception of the ), the (with the exception of ), and in rudimentary forms in (but fully developed in ) possess a, which is never present in. The length is thought to be related to. When not copulating, it is hidden within the compartment within the cloaca, just inside the vent. The of birds is unique, with a for storage and a that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth. Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight. Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration. Respiratory and circulatory systems Birds have one of the most complex of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lungs and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalisations and the perception of the bird's size. In birds, the main arteries taking blood away from the heart originate from the right (or pharyngeal arch), unlike in the mammals where the left aortic arch forms this part of the. The postcava receives blood from the limbs via the renal portal system. Unlike in mammals, the circulating in birds retain their. Heart type and features. Of an avian heart. The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a for lubrication. The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an and. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the heart's pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. The uses calcium to cause a depolarising signal transduction pathway from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of, and layers. The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight. Organisation Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Blood travels through the arterioles and moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues; it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. The as it covers the eye of a Nervous system The is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions, while the coordinates movement and the controls behaviour patterns, navigation, mating and building. Most birds have a poor with notable exceptions including, and. The avian is usually highly developed. Water birds have special flexible lenses, allowing accommodation for vision in air and water. Some species also have dual. Birds are, possessing (UV) sensitive in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones. Many birds show plumage patterns in that are invisible to the human eye; some birds whose sexes appear similar to the naked eye are distinguished by the presence of ultraviolet reflective patches on their feathers. Male have an ultraviolet reflective crown patch which is displayed in courtship by posturing and raising of their nape feathers. Ultraviolet light is also used in foraging— have been shown to search for prey by detecting the UV reflective urine trail marks left on the ground by rodents. With the exception of pigeons and a few other species, the eyelids of birds are not used in blinking. Instead the eye is lubricated by the, a third eyelid that moves horizontally. The nictitating membrane also covers the eye and acts as a in many aquatic birds. The bird has a fan shaped blood supply system called the. Most birds cannot move their eyes, although there are exceptions, such as the. Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads have a wide, while birds with eyes on the front of their heads, such as owls, have and can estimate the. The avian lacks external but is covered by feathers, although in some birds, such as the, and, these feathers form tufts which resemble ears. The has a, but it is not spiral as in mammals. Defence and intraspecific combat A few species are able to use chemical defences against predators; some can eject an unpleasant against an aggressor, and some species of from have a powerful in their skin and feathers. A lack of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (), some jacanas (, ), the spur-winged goose ( ), the torrent duck ( ) and nine species of lapwing ( ) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks ( ), geese and swans ( ), the solitaire ( ), sheathbills ( ), some guans ( ) and stone curlews ( ) use a bony knob on the metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas and have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail., for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young. Chromosomes Birds have two sexes: either. The sex of birds is determined by the, rather than by the present in. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ). In nearly all species of birds, an individual's sex is determined at fertilisation. However, one recent study demonstrated among the, for which higher temperatures during incubation resulted in a higher female-to-male. This, however, was later proven to not be the case. These birds do not exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination, but temperature-dependent sex mortality. Feathers, plumage, and scales. The plumage of the allows it to blend in with its surroundings. Feathers are a feature characteristic of birds (though also present in not currently considered to be true birds). They facilitate, provide insulation that aids in, and are used in display, camouflage, and signalling. There are several types of feathers, each serving its own set of purposes. Feathers are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called. The distribution pattern of these feather tracts (pterylosis) is used in taxonomy and systematics. The arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called, may vary within species by age,, and. Plumage is regularly; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the ' ' plumage, or—in the —'basic' plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as ' ' plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, are replaced one at a time with the innermost being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of and, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from centre outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation. Preening Feathers require maintenance and birds preen or groom them daily, spending an average of around 9% of their daily time on this. The bill is used to brush away foreign particles and to apply secretions from the; these secretions protect the feathers' flexibility and act as an, inhibiting the growth of feather-degrading. This may be supplemented with the secretions of from ants, which birds receive through a behaviour known as, to remove feather parasites. The of birds are composed of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found mainly on the toes and, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds. Most bird scales do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of and. The scales of birds are thought to be to those of reptiles and mammals. In the downstroke of flapping flight Most birds can, which distinguishes them from almost all other vertebrate classes. Flight is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species and is used for searching for food and for escaping from predators. Birds have various adaptations for flight, including a lightweight skeleton, two large flight muscles, the pectoralis (which accounts for 15% of the total mass of the bird) and the supracoracoideus, as well as a modified forelimb () that serves as an. Wing shape and size generally determine a bird's flight style and performance; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight. About 60 extant bird species are, as were many extinct birds. Flightlessness often arises in birds on isolated islands, probably due to limited resources and the absence of land predators. Though flightless, penguins use similar musculature and movements to 'fly' through the water, as do, and. Feeding adaptations in beaks are varied and often include, fruit, plants, seeds,, and various small animals, including other birds. Because birds have no teeth, their is adapted to process food items that are swallowed whole. Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in programmes. Nectar feeders such as,, amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit flowers. And with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of.,, and pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as, and plunge dive after their prey., three species of, and some ducks are. And are primarily grazers. Some species, including,, and, engage in, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of stealing from estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%. Other birds are; some of these, like, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls,, or other birds of prey, are opportunists. Water and drinking Water is needed by many birds although their mode of excretion and lack of reduces the physiological demands. Some desert birds can obtain their water needs entirely from moisture in their food. They may also have other adaptations such as allowing their body temperature to rise, saving on moisture loss from evaporative cooling or panting. Seabirds can drink seawater and have inside the head that eliminate excess salt out of the nostrils. Most birds scoop water in their beaks and raise their head to let water run down the throat. Some species, especially of arid zones, belonging to the,,, and families are capable of sucking up water without the need to tilt back their heads. Some desert birds depend on water sources and are particularly well known for their daily congregations at waterholes. Nesting sandgrouse and many plovers carry water to their young by wetting their belly feathers. Some birds carry water for chicks at the nest in their crop or regurgitate it along with food. The pigeon family, flamingos and penguins have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid called that they provide to their chicks. Feather care Feathers being critical to the survival of a bird, require maintenance. Apart from physical wear and tear, feathers face the onslaught of fungi, feather mites and. The physical condition of feathers are maintained by often with the application of secretions from the. Birds also bathe in water or dust themselves. While some birds dip into shallow water, more aerial species may make aerial dips into water and arboreal species often make use of dew or rain that collect on leaves. Birds of arid regions make use of loose soil to dust-bathe. A behaviour termed as in which the bird encourages ants to run through their plumage is also thought to help them reduce the ectoparasite load in feathers. Many species will spread out their wings and expose them to direct sunlight and this too is thought to help in reducing fungal and ectoparasitic activity that may lead to feather damage. A flock of in Many bird species migrate to take advantage of global differences of temperatures, therefore optimising availability of food sources and breeding habitat. These migrations vary among the different groups. Many landbirds,, and undertake annual long distance migrations, usually triggered by the length of daylight as well as weather conditions. These birds are characterised by a breeding season spent in the or and a non-breeding season in the regions or opposite hemisphere. Before migration, birds substantially increase body fats and reserves and reduce the size of some of their organs. Migration is highly demanding energetically, particularly as birds need to cross deserts and oceans without refuelling. Landbirds have a flight range of around 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and shorebirds can fly up to 4,000 km (2,500 mi), although the is capable of non-stop flights of up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Also undertake long migrations, the longest annual migration being those of, which nest in and and spend the northern summer feeding in the North Pacific off Japan, and, an annual round trip of 64,000 km (39,800 mi). Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. Nesting in the often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons. The routes of satellite-tagged migrating north from. This species has the longest known non-stop migration of any species, up to 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Some bird species undertake shorter migrations, travelling only as far as is required to avoid bad weather or obtain food. Species such as the boreal are one such group and can commonly be found at a location in one year and absent the next. This type of migration is normally associated with food availability. Species may also travel shorter distances over part of their range, with individuals from higher latitudes travelling into the existing range of conspecifics; others undertake partial migrations, where only a fraction of the population, usually females and subdominant males, migrates. Partial migration can form a large percentage of the migration behaviour of birds in some regions; in Australia, surveys found that 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerines were partially migratory. Is a form of short distance migration in which birds spend the breeding season at higher altitudes and move to lower ones during suboptimal conditions. It is most often triggered by temperature changes and usually occurs when also become inhospitable due to lack of food. Some species may also be nomadic, holding no fixed territory and moving according to weather and food availability. As a are overwhelmingly neither migratory nor sedentary but considered to either be dispersive, irruptive, nomadic or undertake small and irregular migrations. The ability of birds to return to precise locations across vast distances has been known for some time; in an experiment conducted in the 1950s, a released in in the United States returned to its colony in, in Wales within 13 days, a distance of 5,150 km (3,200 mi). Birds navigate during migration using a variety of methods. For migrants, the is used to navigate by day, and a stellar compass is used at night. Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an. Orientation with the stellar compass depends on the position of the surrounding. These are backed up in some species by their ability to sense the Earth's through specialised. The startling display of the mimics a large predator. Birds using primarily visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species). Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the 's mimicry of a large predator to ward off and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where 'dances' are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays., which are produced in the, are the major means by which birds communicate with. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs. Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The of drive air through their feathers, drum territorially, and use tools to drum. Flocking and other associations. The most numerous species of bird, form enormous flocks—sometimes tens of thousands strong. While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large. The principal benefits of flocking are and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system. This has led to the development of many, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases. Birds sometimes also form associations with non-avian species. Plunge-diving associate with and, which push shoaling fish towards the surface. Have a with, in which they forage together and warn each other of nearby and other predators. Many birds, like this, tuck their head into their back when sleeping The high metabolic rates of birds during the active part of the day is supplemented by rest at other times. Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as vigilant sleep, where periods of rest are interspersed with quick eye-opening 'peeks', allowing them to be sensitive to disturbances and enable rapid escape from threats. Are believed to be able to sleep in flight and radar observations suggest that they orient themselves to face the wind in their roosting flight. It has been suggested that there may be certain kinds of sleep which are possible even when in flight. Some birds have also demonstrated the capacity to fall into one of the brain at a time. The birds tend to exercise this ability depending upon its position relative to the outside of the flock. This may allow the eye opposite the sleeping hemisphere to remain vigilant for by viewing the outer margins of the flock. This adaptation is also known from. Is common because it lowers the and decreases the risks associated with predators. Roosting sites are often chosen with regard to thermoregulation and safety. Many sleeping birds bend their heads over their backs and tuck their in their back feathers, although others place their beaks among their breast feathers. Many birds rest on one leg, while some may pull up their legs into their feathers, especially in cold weather. Have a tendon locking mechanism that helps them hold on to the perch when they are asleep. Many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost in trees. A few parrots of the genus roost hanging upside down. Some go into a nightly state of accompanied with a reduction of their metabolic rates. This shows in nearly a hundred other species, including,, and. One species, the, even enters a state of. Birds do not have sweat glands, but they may cool themselves by moving to shade, standing in water, panting, increasing their surface area, fluttering their throat or by using special behaviours like to cool themselves. Like others of its family the male has elaborate breeding plumage used to impress females. Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both and, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of in ducks and other. Female birds have mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise. Other mating systems, including,,,, and, also occur. Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males. Some species may use more than one system depending on the circumstances. Breeding usually involves some form of courtship display, typically performed by the male. Most displays are rather simple and involve some type of. Some displays, however, are quite elaborate. Depending on the species, these may include wing or tail drumming, dancing, aerial flights, or communal. Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection, although in the polyandrous, this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females., and are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated. In males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks. Territories, nesting and incubation. See also: Many birds actively defend a territory from others of the same species during the breeding season; maintenance of territories protects the food source for their chicks. Species that are unable to defend feeding territories, such as and, often breed in instead; this is thought to offer protection from predators. Colonial breeders defend small nesting sites, and competition between and within species for nesting sites can be intense. All birds lay with hard shells made mostly of. Hole and burrow nesting species tend to lay white or pale eggs, while open nesters lay eggs. There are many exceptions to this pattern, however; the ground-nesting have pale eggs, and camouflage is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to those of their hosts. Male construct elaborate suspended nests out of grass. Bird eggs are usually laid in a. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival, and feathers are often used for nest insulation. Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting lays its eggs on bare rock, and male keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in ground-nesting species where the newly hatched young are. Nest of an that has been parasitised by a., which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid. In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as 83 grams (2.9 oz) of body weight per day of incubation. The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources. Incubation periods range from 10 days (in, and birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and ). The diversity of characteristics of birds is great, sometimes even in closely related species. Several avian characteristics are compared in the table below. Species Adult weight (grams) Incubation (days) Clutches (per year) Clutch size ( Archilochus colubris) 3 13 2.0 2 ( Passer domesticus) 25 11 4.5 5 ( Geococcyx californianus) 376 20 1.5 4 ( Cathartes aura) 2,200 39 1.0 2 ( Diomedea immutabilis) 3,150 64 1.0 1 ( Spheniscus magellanicus) 4,000 40 1.0 1 ( Aquila chrysaetos) 4,800 40 1.0 2 ( Meleagris gallopavo) 6,050 28 1.0 11 Parental care and fledging. Main article: At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed, and tend to be born small,, immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed. Altricial chicks need help and must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. The young of many bird species do not precisely fit into either the precocial or altricial category, having some aspects of each and thus fall somewhere on an 'altricial-precocial spectrum'. Chicks at neither extreme but favoring one or the other may be termed. The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately. At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the, whose chicks take up to six months to and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months. The chick guard stage describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation. In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, of the same species—usually close relatives of the, such as offspring from previous broods—will help with the raising of the young. Such alloparenting is particularly common among the, which includes such birds as the true, and, but has been observed in species as different as the and. Among most groups of animals, is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common—more so than in any other vertebrate class. Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty. The point at which chicks varies dramatically. The chicks of the murrelets, like the, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging. Chicks may also follow their parents during their first. Brood parasites. Raising a, a., in which an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood, is more common among birds than any other type of organism. After a parasitic bird lays her eggs in another bird's nest, they are often accepted and raised by the host at the expense of the host's own brood. Brood parasites may be either obligate brood parasites, which must lay their eggs in the nests of other species because they are incapable of raising their own young, or non-obligate brood parasites, which sometimes lay eggs in the nests of to increase their reproductive output even though they could have raised their own young. One hundred bird species, including,, and, are obligate parasites, though the most famous are the. Some brood parasites are adapted to hatch before their host's young, which allows them to destroy the host's eggs by pushing them out of the nest or to kill the host's chicks; this ensures that all food brought to the nest will be fed to the parasitic chicks. Sexual selection. Main article: Birds have a variety of behaviours, with the tail being perhaps the most famous example of and the. Commonly occurring such as size and colour differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many types of avian have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual’s fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signalling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage coloration and are 'honest' traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviours. Inbreeding depression. Main article: Incestuous matings by the Malurus coronatus result in severe fitness costs due to (greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings (see for 90% frequency in avian species) that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding. However, there are ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings. Nevertheless, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young. Inbreeding depression occurs in the ( Parus major) when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. In natural populations of Parus major, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. Turdoides bicolor appear to avoid inbreeding in two ways. The first is through dispersal, and the second is by avoiding familiar group members as mates. Although both males and females disperse locally, they move outside the range where genetically related individuals are likely to be encountered. Within their group, individuals only acquire breeding positions when the opposite-sex breeder is unrelated. In birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness () due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny. An example of a bird highly specialised in its habitat, in this case in the forests. Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be,, and. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised. Are animals that are specialised at preying on birds. Some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators, and many frugivores play a key role in seed dispersal. Plants and pollinating birds often, and in some cases a flower's primary pollinator is the only species capable of reaching its nectar. Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfil ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the were important browsers, as are the and today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Nesting may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas. A wide variety of, including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology. Relationship with humans. Of Since birds are highly visible and common animals, humans have had a relationship with them since the dawn of man. Sometimes, these relationships are, like the cooperative honey-gathering among and African peoples such as the. Other times, they may be, as when species such as the have benefited from human activities. Several bird species have become commercially significant agricultural pests, and some pose an. Human activities can also be detrimental, and have threatened numerous bird species with extinction (,,,, kills and predation by pet and are common sources of death for birds). Birds can act as vectors for spreading diseases such as,,, mycobacteriosis (avian ), (bird flu),, and over long distances. Some of these are that can also be transmitted to humans. Economic importance. The use of cormorants by Asian fishermen is in steep decline but survives in some areas as a tourist attraction. Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003, 76 million tons of poultry and 61 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Account for much of human poultry consumption, though domesticated,, and are also relatively common. Many species of birds are also hunted for meat. Bird hunting is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely undeveloped areas. The most important birds hunted in North and South America are waterfowl; other widely hunted birds include,, quail,,,,, and. Is also popular in Australia and New Zealand. Though some hunting, such as that of muttonbirds, may be sustainable, hunting has led to the extinction or endangerment of dozens of species. Other commercially valuable products from birds include feathers (especially the of geese and ducks), which are used as insulation in clothing and bedding, and seabird faeces (), which is a valuable source of phosphorus and nitrogen. The, sometimes called the Guano War, was fought in part over the control of guano deposits. Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as and, are bred in or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some. And have long been used for and, respectively., used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, or for sports such as. Amateur bird enthusiasts (called birdwatchers, twitchers or, more commonly, ) number in the millions. Many homeowners erect near their homes to attract various species. Has grown into a multimillion-dollar industry; for example, an estimated 75% of households in Britain provide food for birds at some point during the winter. In religion and mythology. 'The 3 of Birds' by the, 15th-century Germany Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a, such as in the Cult of, in which the of served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of, the two who whispered news into the ears of the. In several civilisations of, particularly and, priests were involved in, or interpreting the words of birds while the 'auspex' (from which the word 'auspicious' is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve as, as when (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, ) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the of India. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. In culture and folklore. Painted with design of birds from Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological and the 's legendary, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent of the and emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was, whose paintings of were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, incorporated into his, and used a as an erotic symbol in his. The relationship between an and a sailor is the central theme of 's, which led to the use of the. Other metaphors derive from birds; and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture. Perceptions of bird species vary across cultures. Are associated with bad luck,, and death in parts of Africa, but are regarded as wise across much of Europe. Were considered sacred in and symbols of virtue in, but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war in. In, birds, especially, often appear in. See also:,, and Though human activities have allowed the expansion of a few species, such as the and, they have caused population decreases or in many other species. Over a hundred bird species have gone extinct in historical times, although the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions, eradicating an estimated 750–1800 species, occurred during the human colonisation of,, and islands. Many bird populations are declining worldwide, with 1,227 species listed as by and the in 2009. The most commonly cited human threat to birds is. Other threats include overhunting, accidental mortality due to collisions with or,, pollution (including and pesticide use), competition and predation from nonnative, and climate change. Governments and groups work to protect birds, either by passing laws that and bird habitat or by establishing for reintroductions. Such projects have produced some successes; one study estimated that conservation efforts saved 16 species of bird that would otherwise have gone extinct between 1994 and 2004, including the and. Find more about Birdat Wikipedia's • from Wiktionary • from Wikimedia Commons • from Wikinews • from Wikiquote • from Wikisource • from Wikibooks • from Wikiversity • from Wikispecies The Wikibook has a page on the topic of: • —Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species. • • from the • • at the • • • • —Searchable online research archive; Archives of the following ornithological journals,, Journal of Field Ornithology, North American Bird Bander, Studies in Avian Biology, Pacific Coast Avifauna, and. • —A free library of videos of the world's birds • •, from the International Field Guides database • —Interactive identification of all UK birds. Can not download products. Ida61 plugins python.plw. Part 1 - The Basics of IDA Pro 2 IDC, and Remote Debugging Overview Configuration Options 4 Program datarescue distributes supports f-secure corporate products strand belgium luxembourg hex rays able download latest form windows. Here you can download civ 5 sdk shared files Loquendo TTS 6 standalone form. Enter here:::. README.md A list of IDA Plugins I'll be organizing the plugins over time. Please submit PRs if you have any other outstanding plugins. I would like to tag each plugin with its corresponding IDA version, but it will take me a long time to test. If you can help there, please do. If a plugin is only a source repo with no description or documentation, I am not adding it. TODO • Add more plugins • Categorize plugins Plugins •: IDA PRO Loader for 3DSX files •: The 2 plugins present in this archive will enable IDA to parse SWF files, load all SWF tags as segments for fast search and retrieval, parse all tags that can potentially contain ActionScript2 code, discover all such code(a dedicated processor module has been written for it) and even name the event functions acording to event handled in it (eg. •: • Finds paths to a given code block inside a function • Finds paths between two or more functions • Generates interactive call graphs • Fully scriptable •: This version have both support for native arm debugging via usb and sdk ADV manager. •: Collection of Android reverse engineering scripts that make my life easier •: Auto-renaming plugin with tagging support. •: Match an author to an unknown binary. •: BinCAT is a static Binary Code Analysis Toolkit, designed to help reverse engineers, directly from IDA. •: BinClone: detecting code clones in malware [SERE 2014] •: BinNavi is a binary analysis IDE - an environment that allows users to inspect, navigate, edit, and annotate control-flow-graphs of disassembled code, do the same for the callgraph of the executable, collect and combine execution traces, and generally keep track of analysis results among a group of analysts. •: BinSourcerer (a.k.a RE-Source Online) is an assembly to source code matching framework for binary auditing and malware analysis. •: IBAL is the IDA Pro Bootrom Analysis Library, which contains a number of useful functions for analyzing embedded ROMs. •: Siemens Bosch ME7.x Disassembler Helper for IDA Pro •: CGEN with support for generating IDA Pro IDP modules. •: Scans an MSVC 32bit target IDB for vftables with C++ RTTI, and MFC RTCI type data. Places structure defs, names, labels, and comments to make more sense of class vftables ('Virtual Function Table') and make them read easier as an aid to reverse engineering. Creates a list window with found vftables for browsing. •: • Defines ASCII strings that IDA's auto analysis missed • Defines functions/code that IDA's auto analysis missed • Converts all undefined bytes in the data segment into DWORDs (thus allowing IDA to resolve function and jump table pointers) •: Codemap is a binary analysis tool for 'run-trace visualization' provided as IDA plugin. •: collabREate is a plugin for IDA Pro that is designed to provide a collaborative reverse engineering capability for multiple IDA users working on the same binary file. •: The CrowdDetox plugin for Hex-Rays automatically removes junk code and variables from Hex-Rays function decompilations. •: This is a simple Dalvik header plugin for IDA Pro •: Enumerates all of the the x-references in a specific segment and counts the frequency of usage. The plugin displays the data in QtTableWidget and lets the user filter and sort the references. You can also export the data to a CSV file. •: Debugger plugin for IDA Pro backed by the Unicorn Engine •: Diaphora (διαφορά, Greek for 'difference') is a program diffing plugin for IDA Pro, similar to Zynamics Bindiff or the FOSS counterparts DarunGrim, TurboDiff, etc. It was released during SyScan 2015. •: Run IDA Pro disassembler in Docker containers for automating, scaling and distributing the use of IDAPython scripts. •: Eric Fry's IDA/DOSBox debugger plugin •: DriverBuddy is an IDA Python script to assist with the reverse engineering of Windows kernel drivers. •: IDADWARF is an IDA plugin that imports DWARF debugging symbols into an IDA database. •: DIE is an IDA python plugin designed to enrich IDA`s static analysis with dynamic data. This is done using the IDA Debugger API, by placing breakpoints in key locations and saving the current system context once those breakpoints are hit. •: Some IDA scripts and tools to assist with reverse engineering EFI executables. •: Parses the specialized instruction trace files that are generated using the EtherAnnotate Xen modification (). From the instruction trace, register values and code coverage of the run-time information are visualized in IDA Pro through instruction comments and line colorations. •: This is a very simple IDA plugin to extract all Mach-O binaries contained anywhere in the disassembly. •: FCatalog (The functions catalog) is a mechanism for finding similarities between different binary blobs in an efficient manner. It is mostly useful for identifying a new binary blob is somewhat similar to a binary blob that have been encountered before. The client side of FCatalog is an IDA plugin that allows a group of reverse engineers to manage a pool of reversed functions. Whenever a new binary function is encountered, FCatalog can compare it to all the known and previously reversed binary functions. •: Shellcode Hashes, Struct Typer, StackStrings, MSDN Annotations, ApplyCalleType •: IDA Pro loader module for IFX iPhone baseband firmwares. Based on a universal scatter loader script by roxfan. •: Un/highlights function call instructions •: Free the ida pro debuggers for all files. •: This is plugin for ida pro thar uses the Frida api. Mainly trace functions. •: FRAPL is a reverse engineering framework created to simplify dynamic instrumentation with Frida. •: Flexible Register/Instruction Extender aNd Documentation. FRIEND is an IDA plugin created to improve disassembly and bring register/instruction documentation right into IDA View. •: This script records function calls (and returns) across an executable using IDA debugger API, along with all the arguments passed. It dumps the info to a text file, and also inserts it into IDA's inline comments. This way, static analysis that usually follows the behavioral runtime analysis when analyzing malware, can be directly fed with runtime info such as decrypted strings returned in function's arguments. •: IDA Pro plugin to make functions tree view. Plugin parses function names and groups them by namespaces. •: This IDAPython script tags subroutines according to their use of imported functions •: This is a Gekko CPU Paired Single extension instructions plug-in for IDA Pro 5.2 •: This project adds support for the DSP present in the Gamecube and the Wii to IDA, the Interactive Disassembler [1]. This allows easy analyze of a DSP ucode, handling cross-references, control flow, and so on. •: IDA debugger plugin for Sega Genesis / Megadrive ROMs based on Gens ReRecordings emulator modifications. •: Lookup IP's and http/https adresses, using google maps, and MaxMind databases. •: Automated detection of inlined functions. It highlights similar groups of nodes and allows you to group them, simplifying complex functions. The authors provide an accompanying presentation which explains the algorithms behind the plugin and shows sample use cases. •: The Hex-Rays Decompiler plugin for better code navigation in RE process. CodeXplorer automates code REconstruction of C++ applications or modern malware like Stuxnet, Flame, Equation, Animal Farm. •: • Assist in creation of new structure definitions / virtual calls detection • Jump directly to virtual function or structure member definition • Gives list of structures with given size, with given offset • Finds structures with same 'shape' as is used. • convert function to __usercall or __userpurge • and more. •: Plugin assists in creation classes/structures and detection virtual tables. Best to use with Class Informer plugin, because it helps to automatically get original classes names. •: This is an IDA Pro Python plugin to make Hex-Rays Decompiler output bit more attractive. HRDEV plugin retrieves standard decompiler output, parses it with Python Clang bindings, does some magic, and puts back. •: As the name implies this plugin can be used to export information from IDA databases to SQL databases. This allows for further analysis of the collected data: statstical analysis, building graphs, finding similarities between programs, etc. •: Scripting IDA with C# •: IDA disassembly level diffing tool, find patches and modifications between malware variants. See mydoom A/B sample database and video trainer for usage. •: idaemu is an IDA Pro Plugin - use for emulating code in IDA Pro. It is base on unicorn-engine. •: Plugin that enables you to perform different operations at the mnemonic level, independent of any particular processor type. These operations are facilitated through a parameterized template, which include the capabilities to de/highlight instructions, gather statistical information about the frequency of each instruction, and search for sequences of mnemonics, among other features. •: An IDA Pro Win32 target clean up plug-in by Sirmabus. It does essentially four cleaning/fixing steps: Convert stray code section values to 'unknown', fix missing 'align' blocks, fix missing code bytes, and locate and fix missing/undefined functions. •: Image preview plugin for IDA disassembler. •: This is a plugin to embed an IPython kernel in IDA Pro. The Python ecosystem has amazing libraries (and communities) for scientific computing. IPython itself is great for exploratory data analysis. Using tools such as the IPython notebook make it easy to share code and explanations with rich media. IPython makes using IDAPython and interacting with IDA programmatically really fun and easy. •: Stitching against malware families with IDA Pro (tool for the talk at Spring9, ). In essence, I use a somewhat fixed / refurbished version of PyEmu along IDA to demonstrate deobfuscation of the different patterns found in the malware family Nymaim. •: IDA Pro Full Instruction Reference Plugin - It's like auto-comments but useful. •: A simple REST-like API for basic interoperability with IDA Pro. •: IDAscope is an IDA Pro extension with the goal to ease the task of (malware) reverse engineering with a current focus on x86 Windows. It consists of multiple tabs, containing functionality to achieve different goals such as fast identification of semantically interesting locations in the analysis target, seamless access to MSDN documentation of Windows API, and finding of potential crypto/compression algorithms. •: Tool for searching signatures inside files, extremely useful as help in reversing jobs like figuring or having an initial idea of what encryption/compression algorithm is used for a proprietary protocol or file. It can recognize tons of compression, multimedia and encryption algorithms and many other things like known strings and anti-debugging code which can be also manually added since it's all based on a text signature file read at run-time and easy to modify. •: Plugin providing advanced skinning support for the Qt version of IDA Pro utilizing Qt stylesheets, similar to CSS. •: IDA Sploiter is a plugin for Hex-Ray's IDA Pro disassembler designed to enhance IDA's capabilities as an exploit development and vulnerability research tool. Some of the plugin's features include a powerful ROP gadgets search engine, semantic gadget analysis and filtering, interactive ROP chain builder, stack pivot analysis, writable function pointer search, cyclic memory pattern generation and offset analysis, detection of bad characters and memory holes, and many others. •: IDAStealth is a plugin which aims to hide the IDA debugger from most common anti-debugging techniques. The plugin is composed of two files, the plugin itself and a dll which is injected into the debuggee as soon as the debugger attaches to the process. The injected dll actually implements most of the stealth techniques either by hooking system calls or by patching some flags in the remote process. •: The IDA Toolbag plugin provides many handy features, such as: • A 'History' view, that displays functions in the disassembly that you have decided are important, and the relationships between them. • A code path-searching tool, that lets you find what functions (or blocks) are forming a path between two locations. • Manage and run your IDC/Python scripts • Something that's also of considerable importance is that the IDA Toolbag lets you collaborate with other IDA users: one can publish his 'History', or import another user's history & even merge them! • See the official documentation for an extensive feature list. •: IDAPython plugin to integrate Visual Studio Help Viewer in IDA Pro >= 6.8 •: IDAtropy is a plugin for Hex-Ray's IDA Pro designed to generate charts of entropy and histograms using the power of idapython and matplotlib. •: This is a processor plugin for IDA, to support the Xtensa core found in Espressif ESP8266. It does not support other configurations of the Xtensa architecture, but that is probably (hopefully) easy to implement. •: IDB to Pat. •: Interactive Functions List is an user-friendly way to navigate between functions and their references. •: A tool to help when dealing with IOCTL codes and Windows driver IOCTL dispatch functions. •: Kam1n0 is a scalable system that supports assembly code clone search. It allows a user to first index a (large) collection of binaries, and then search for the code clones of a given target function or binary file. Kam1n0 tries to solve the efficient subgraph search problem (i.e. Graph isomorphism problem) for assembly functions. •: A multi-architeture assembler for IDA. Keypatch allows you enter assembly instructions to directly patch the binary under analysis. •: Labeless is a plugin system for dynamic, seamless and realtime synchronization between IDA Database and Olly. Labels, function names and global variables synchronization is supported. Labeless provides easy to use dynamic dumping tool, which supports automatic on-the-fly imports fixing as well as convenient tool for IDA-Olly Python scripting synergy. •: LazyIDA lets you perform many tasks simply and quickly (e.g., remove function return type in Hex-Rays, convert data into different formats, scan for format string vulnerabilities and a variety of shortcuts) •: Lighthouse is a Code Coverage Plugin for IDA Pro. The plugin leverages IDA as a platform to map, explore, and visualize externally collected code coverage data when symbols or source may not be available for a given binary. •: LoadProcConfig is an IDA plugin to load processor configuration files. •: Finds references to any selected text from within the current function. •: Names stack variables used by the compiler for storing registers on the stack, simplifying stack data analysis (MIPS only) •: • Allows you to search for suitable ROP gadgets in MIPS executable code • Built-in methods to search for common ROP gadgets •: This tool will help you to get to Offline MSDN help while using IDA Pro. •: MyNav is a plugin for IDA Pro to help reverse engineers in the most typical task like discovering what functions are responsible of some specifical tasks, finding paths between 'interesting' functions and data entry points. •: nao(no-meaning assembly omiter) is dead code eliminator plugin for IDA pro •: Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) ROM loader module for IDA Pro. •: NRS is a set of Python librairies used to unpack and analysis NSIS installer's data. It also feature an IDA plugin used to disassembly the NSIS Script of an installer. •: This plugin enables you to remove some common obfuscations and rewrite code to a new segment. Currently supported optimizations are: Dead code removal, JMP merging, JCC opaque predicate removal, Pattern based deobfuscations •: IDA Patcher is a plugin for Hex-Ray's IDA Pro disassembler designed to enhance IDA's ability to patch binary files and memory. •: Plus22 transforms x86_64 executables to be processed with 32-bit version of Hex-Rays Decompiler. •: A gem to read program disassembly from a YAML dump. The YAML dump is generated from an IDA Pro python script. This script is included along with this Gem (func.py) •: IDA Pomidor is a plugin for Hex-Ray's IDA Pro disassembler that will help you retain concentration and productivity during long reversing sessions. •: Taint analysis and symbolic execution over binaries in an easy and intuitive fashion. •: Prefix is a small function prefixing plugin for IDA Pro. The plugin augments IDA's function renaming capabilities by adding a handful of convenient prefixing actions to relevant right click menus. •: Change processor without restarting IDA. •: Python editor based IDA Pro. The plugin helps python devs with scripting and running python scripts, and creating them. IT have many functions, code recognition and more. •: qb-sync is an open source tool to add some helpful glue between IDA Pro and Windbg. Its core feature is to dynamically synchronize IDA's graph windows with Windbg's position. •: IDA loader plugin for Qualcomm Bootloader Stages •: IDA recompiler •: A way of making almost-arbitrary changes to an executable when run under a debugger -- even changes that don't fit. •: ret-sync stands for Reverse-Engineering Tools synchronization. It's a set of plugins that help to synchronize a debugging session (WinDbg/GDB/LLDB/OllyDbg2/x64dbg) with IDA disassembler. The underlying idea is simple: take the best from both worlds (static and dynamic analysis). •: REtypedef is an IDA PRO plugin that allows defining custom substitutions for function names. It comes with a default ruleset providing substitutions for many common STL types. •: Identifies and re-names functions between two or more IDBs based on: • Formal signatures (i.e., exact function signatures) • References to unique string • References to unique constants • Fuzzy signatures (i.e., similar function signatures) • Call graphs (e.g., identification by association) •: IDA Pro Loader Plugin for Samsung Galaxy S4 ROMs •: Sark, (named after the notorious Tron villain,) is an object-oriented scripting layer written on top of IDAPython. Sark is easy to use and provides tools for writing advanced scripts and plugins. •: ScratchABit is an interactive incremental disassembler with data/control flow analysis capabilities. ScratchABit is dedicated to the efforts of the OpenSource reverse engineering community (reverse engineering to produce OpenSource drivers/firmware for hardware not properly supported by vendors). •: IDA Pro Qt Plugin for recording reversing sessions. •: Special IDA Pro tools for the Sega Genesis/Megadrive romhackers. Tested work on v5.2, v6.6. Should work on other versions. •: Can create sigs automatically and has a wide variety of functions (might be unstable on IDA 6.2). •: IDASimulator is a plugin that extends IDA's conditional breakpoint support, making it easy to augment / replace complex executable code inside a debugged process with Python code. •: Snippet Detector is an IDA Python scripts project used to detect snippets from 32bit disassembled files. Snippet is the word used to identify a generic sequence of instructions (at the moment a snippet is indeed a defined function). The aim of the tool is to collect many disassembled snippets inside a database for the detection process. •: Snowman is a native code to C/C++ decompiler. Standalone and IDA Plugin. •: Augmenting Static Reverse Engineering with Dynamic Analysis and Instrumentation •: Ida Pro debugger module for the anergistic SPU emulator. •: Stingray is an IDAPython plugin for finding function strings. The search is from the current position onwards in the current function. It can do it recursively also with configurable search depth. The results order is the natural order of strings in the BFS search graph. •: StructDump is an IDA plugin, allowing you to export IDA types into high-level language definitions. Currently, C++ is supported. •: Small Plugin to change the style off Ida Pro •: A combination of an IDAPython Plugin and a control version system that result in a new reverse engineering collaborative addon for IDA Pro. By •: Tarkus is a plugin manager for IDA Pro, modelled after Python's pip. •: Turbodiff is a binary diffing tool developed as an IDA plugin. It discovers and analyzes differences between the functions of two binaries. •: uEmu is a tiny cute emulator plugin for IDA based on unicorn engine. Supports following architectures out of the box: x86, x64, ARM, ARM64, MIPS, MIPS64 •: The plugin is an integration of Virus Battle API to the well known IDA Disassembler. Virusbattle is a web service that analyses malware and other binaries with a variety of advanced static and dynamic analyses. •: Static and dynamic virtualization-based packed analysis and deobfuscation. •: Python script which extracts procedures from IDA Win32 LST files and converts them to correctly dynamically linked compilable Visual C++ inline assembly. •: An IDA Pro plugin which decodes a Windows Device I/O control code into DeviceType, FunctionCode, AccessType and MethodType. •: This adds the ability to load xex files into IDA directly without having to first process them in any way. It processes the xex file as much as possible while loading to minimise the work required by the user to get it to a state fit for reversing. •: Its purpose is to allow a reverse engineer the chance to step through x86 code while reverse engineering a binary. The plugin can help you step through any x86 binary from any platform. For Windows binaries, many common library calls are trapped and emulated by the emulator, allowing for a higher fidelity emulation. I find it particularly useful for stepping through obfuscated code as it automatically reorganizes an IDA disassembly based on actual code paths. •: Collaboration Plugin: when enabled, an unlimited number of users can work simultaneously on the same binary. Any modification done by any user is synchronized through git version control. It has been initially released at •: BinDiff is a comparison tool for binary files, that assists vulnerability researchers and engineers to quickly find differences and similarities in disassembled code. Commercial Plugins. What is Box Emulator? Box Emulator is a software for windows-based systems which enables you to run Xbox 360 games on your pc. Which games are supported? Box Emulator supports many Xbox 360 exclusive games at high FPS and better graphics quality than on the console itself. Results of xbox 360 boot disc v2.4: Free download software, Free Video dowloads, Free Music downloads, Free Movie downloads, Games. Check the Supported Games for more info. What are the system requirements? Box emulator doesn't need any special hardware but a good GPU is required for a lag free gaming/high FPS. Minimum System Requirements: CPU: 2.5 GHZ or higher Dual Core Intel/AMD CPU GPU: At least 512 MB Nvidia/ATI GPU with direct x 10 support and pixel shader model 4.0 RAM: 2GB for WINx86 and 4GB for WINx64 OS: Windows 7 or higher Does it support Xbox Live? Shop for the latest software and technology products from Microsoft Store. Experience the best of Microsoft with easy online shopping. Free download xbox 360 boot disk Files at Software Informer. Active Boot Disk is a boot CD/DVD/USB disk creator with a collection of useful utilities for system. Xbox 360 boot disk free download - Active@ Boot Disk, Xbox 360 Controller, XBOX 360 Controller For Windows, and many more programs. Turn on your xbox 360 2. Eject tray 3. Insert Activate disc (boot disc) [IMG] Let it load till it says 'Play DVD' once it reads that you can now eject it, and no you dont have to press 'A' [IMG] Insert any wave 4 game, it will only work for the next game inserted any time you wish to play a wave 4 game you must. The following process will set up a bootable USB flash drive with everything necessary to read your original firmware and write the hacked firmware onto the drive. Download the NTFS4DOS ISO and burn it to a blank CD-R using any recording software capable of burning ISO files. You must download the. Create boot disk. First - Find your xbox's kernel and. CD Recorder and right-click the linux ISO File and hit Copy Image to CD. No, it does not support Xbox Live Online gaming and never will! Can I play pirated games? You can't, if you are here to play pirated games then please go away! You should always buy original games and support their developers. Does it require BIOS like other emulators? No, it doesn't require any bios to run but you have to extract x_loader from your Xbox 360 console in order to load games, it is really easy, just go to Emulator> Extract x_loader and it will guide you through rest of the process. Which input controller devices are supported? You can use almost any game controller to play games. Mice/keyboard are also supported to play FPS games. How to play Xbox 360 games using Box Emulator? Insert your original game disk or you can create ISO Image of your disk and load that. Configure controller, graphics, audio etc. According to your hardware, or you can use default settings. Boot your game form disk/image. Box Emulator supports many games which are fully playable, this compatibility list is based on the games that are tested by the users, there are many games which are still untested. Please let us know if you find other playable games supported by Box Emulator. Please note that the playable games mentioned here may contain some bugs/glitches, if you find a major glitch/bug then report us or send report using the built-in error report function (About>Help>Report bugs), this will automatically send the bug report to us. Game Support Saints Row (video game) Bugs Samurai Shodown: Edge of Destiny Playable Scene It? Box Office Smash Bugs Scene It? Lights, Camera, Action Bugs Schizoid (video game) Playable Scrap Metal (video game) Playable Screwjumper! Playable Self-Defense Training Camp Menus Sesame Street: Once Upon a Monster Playable Shadow Assault: Tenchu Playable Shadow Complex Playable Shred Nebula Playable Small Arms (video game) Playable Snoopy Flying Ace Playable Snops Attack! Zombie Defense Playable Soltrio Solitaire Bugs. Continues from: • Keep posts civil. General netiquette is part of our rules on Whirlpool! Just as there are certain levels of behaviour expected when you're out in public, so too when you post on Whirlpool. So to get yourself started. • Do not get engage in: i.e. These can never be won! So that means: • Do not lay claim that one platform is superior because there is not such thing as a superior platform. All platforms are equal in our eyes, get equal love. In fact we have an article on the religious debate rule which you should read too, about how marketing departments in companies are having the last laugh every time they see religious debates: • Do not make comparisons between platforms. They almost, always lead to a religious debate. Just talk about the merits of the Xbox One on its own. • Although a smattering of off-topic banter/chatter about a game in this thread is OK, when it starts to overtake the actual thread topic ( Xbox One), then posts will be marked as off-topic – especially if a thread already exists. Don't forget you can start a new thread about a game if one does not exist. • Please follow the forum rules with regards to foul language, pointless and off topic posts. • Herring and do not reply to troublemakers. It takes two hands to clap. By responding, you too become a troublemaker. Follow these and you shouldn't have any issues. I think at the start of the 360s life the whole online console multiplayer was still in its infancy so people were just adding people all the time. Many would just stay on the list even though you may not ever play with them much. I actually only starting playing with people recently (Destiny), and found myself having to block or remove people due to popular demand. I'm not the best player by a long shot, but many people wanted me playing with them because they found me entertaining (I typically crack wise). When I moved onto the XboxOne, I've found the Destiny crowd incredibly cliquey and/or humorless – many (generally) took themselves way too seriously: they would either subject me to a stringent vetting process, boot me from their team if I made a false move or remove me as a friend for offending them with my banter. Completely different crowd and/or attitude – thankfully a few people from Whirlpool have proved to be the exception that proves the rule. When I moved onto the XboxOne, I've found the Destiny crowd incredibly cliquey and/or humorless – many (generally) took themselves way too seriously: they would either subject me to a stringent vetting process, boot me from their team if I made a false move or remove me as a friend for offending them with my banter. Wow, I haven't come across this yet. Most of the people I know from 360 days didn't upgrade to the one, except for 2 friends who hardly ever play. Fortunaly through Destiny and the whirlpool guys, I've found a great bunch of guys to get online with and we have some great games. Sometimes we get serious, sometimes we just do what ever, but I'm yet to come across anyone like you've mentioned. I'm loving it. The colours are great. They seem better then my older D6600. The 60' screen size is awesome!! Got it set to game mode and yeah, it just looks great. I don't understand how a game can look great in 'game mode'. When I try and put it into that mode on my Bravia, the picture quality degrades significantly. It's almost unwatchable, despite supposedly being the ideal setting. Why is this mode popular amongst gamers? The trade off between picture quality and input lag doesn't seem to be worth it. Or are you prepared to sacrifice picture quality to minimise input lag? I don't understand how a game can look great in 'game mode'. When I try and put it into that mode on my Bravia, the picture quality degrades significantly. It's almost unwatchable, despite supposedly being the ideal setting. Well, with my older UA46D6600 Samsung in game mode, this one looks just that bit better, still great in my opinion. Picture quality will vary between brands and TV models, but for me, I happy with what I see, plus it reduces the input lag. Maybe your TV disables too much processing. Why is this mode popular amongst gamers? The trade off between picture quality and input lag doesn't seem to be worth it. Or are you prepared to sacrifice picture quality to minimise input lag? It would make the difference of having an enjoyable experience playing your game, or totally getting owned. Personally, I'd rather an enjoyable experience at the cost of picture quality. With my TV, there isn't much difference that I can tell apart from a few colour adjustments, so it's all good for me. Why is this mode popular amongst gamers? The trade off between picture quality and input lag doesn't seem to be worth it. Or are you prepared to sacrifice picture quality to minimise input lag? Game mode significantly reduces input lag, and is the only mode you should be playing console games on. Most TVs (such as my Sony KDL60W850B) allows you to adjust contrast/brightness/colour etc even with game mode enabled, so you should be able to configure an acceptable picture. If you're used to playing with image processing on, you will notice initially in game mode that the frame rate seems worse, and the gameplay more 'twitchy'. This is normal, and you will adjust to it. I played Advanced Warfare MP with game mode on and off again tonight, and didn't notice much of a difference in my performance or score. I don't doubt, though, that 'game mode' might make a difference in my favor at specific times (despite currently being a eyesore ). It's worth noting that my best scores thus far – also making me the top scoring player in those particular games – occurred with game mode off. It's possible, of course, that I might have played better with a properly calibrated game mode picture, but I find the degraded picture quality usually makes game mode my biggest enemy. So my question is: what is the best way to calibrate the picture with game mode on? I much prefer a vivid picture, with as much color and detail as possible. I tried playing with the settings, and it still looked awful to my eyes – so I just reverted back to 'auto'. One tip, set your picture temp to the warmest possible setting and calibrate from there, yes it will look reddish at first but your eyes will adjust. A warm setting gets you closer to D65 and give you accurate colour and grayscale, I can almost guarantee you will hate it at first but give it some time yeah you will look at it and go its too yellow, but its normal. Your eyes will adjust i use warm 1. Use the xbox calibration tool, its easy and will actually give you very good results. And dont copy your setting from say movie mode to game mode the colours etc will be wrong, each tv setting will need different settings. And lastly turn off sharpness makes games look soo ugly. If you want an example of how bad a game can look, flick between dynamic and any other mode. The difference is amazing and once you have used the xbox tool it will look even better. I should give this ago. I'm all for a better picture quality. I'm just not a fan of the yellow colour, but I'll try again and give it some time. It's worth it I reckon, I'd do it in these steps -reset you picture control to factory default (if you can) -set game mode on -set colour temp to warmest setting(varies from TV to TV, usually it will be warm or warm 2) -calibrate from there using either the calibration tool on the Xbox one, which isn't too bad, but discs like DVE, AVS or the Disney WOW dvd are better. Or if you are really hardcore get yourself a calibration meter such as a i1 pro or C6 and get your panel perfect;-) (Yes I am a video nerd, lol). It's worth it I reckon, I'd do it in these steps Thanks. That'll speed things up a bit. -calibrate from there using either the calibration tool on the Xbox one, which isn't too bad, but discs like DVE, AVS or the Disney WOW dvd are better. Or if you are really hardcore get yourself a calibration meter such as a i1 pro or C6 and get your panel perfect;-) Yeah, of like to get one, but don't think the minister of finance would approve. (Yes I am a video nerd, lol) Lol. I'm a lazy nerd. Would love the quality, just to lazy to sort it out, but do the easier stuff. I purchased the official TV remote and it's terrible. The IR line of sight needs to be 100% in line or it won't work. I haven't used such a bad one in years, even if it's turned like 20 degrees it won't work. And I'm sitting literally in front of it, it's like 1.5 meters away!!!! I know IR tech is line of sight but it's never this picky. Is it the remote or Kinect? If I buy a third party one will it be better? I was thinking of this one: I'm hoping it's the remote and not Kinect. The thing is so huge you would think it has a beasty IR module in it. But I haven't owned one that is so sensitive in years. I've had many tv's, DVD players, sound systems etc and they all allow you to point around 30 degrees in any direction and it still picks up the signal. This one is about 20% left or right and 0% up or down. Perhaps try a Harmony remote. I have the Harmony One. It's ok but not great. I find it doesn't do what it's meant to sometimes and the constant changing between all the various devices isn't ideal. The fact that I can hit one button on the media remote and my Xbox One, TV, sound system and set top box all turn on and off at the same time is what I like most. Or even voice commands doing it. Think you might be out of luck. The IR is only going to be so good and is not great on angles. Is this just me or is anyone else having some serious problems with their console? I can't connect to the internet, it's stuck on checking service status. Can't sign in, couldn't accept my network password after typing it in. Couldn't watch anything on the video app. This is beyond stupid and no way in hell will I factory reset it. I have never had to reset a console more times than the XB1. It's almost a regular thing these days – I boot up a game from standby – oh online no longer works. I leave Plex for a few hours and return – oh it no longer connects. I used to have to reboot my Wii U every few days. Until that point Wii U was the buggiest system I ever owned. It was a god awful console at launch. And I hear the PS4 is even worse. This gen.what a shocker. Plex is nice but it's almost too clever sometimes with the way it tries to serve up the next video and other little touches like that. It can get in the way when I stray from the 90% of use cases it's designed around. Like I really enjoy hopping from show to show – I'll watch half of a movie, then flip over to watch some Simpons, then another series, etc. But because it's automatically served up the next episode of the show in the main screen, I have to navigate back into the show to pick up where I left off, which would be fine if it didn't take like 2-3 more clicks than it should. Sometimes I just want a dumb and simple list of directories and files. I use AirVideo most of the time and I love it, but I still use Plex when on my Xbox because it's just more convenient than switching to my Apple TV and searching for the remote. Also there are just too many issues. I've only used it for a few months but so far I've come across: 1) The screen constantly fading to black, a known issue that many have reported 2) It disconnects when I leave for half the day then return 3) Whole episodes just don't show up, I've done some research and apparently this is also a known issue 4) It asked me to update the server recently and wouldn't work until I did.but it bugged out so many times and then took forever to install. In the mean time I was not able to use it at all. 5) As aforementioned, when it tries to be too smart AirVideo on the other hand is just super simple and gives me complete control over my stuff without a bunch of fancy features that trip over themselves half the time. BUT I do like Plex a lot. It's just not the 'jesus' app that everyone makes it out to be.or maybe it will be with another year or two of development. Would be the same on both aside from the hinky touchpad although in essence they have the same number of buttons. Not sure why people are getting so defensive of the One controller, I said I prefer the PS4, I didn't say the PS4 is better. As someone who actually owns both consoles, I think I'm in a position to have a preference. The PS4 touchpad is not 'hinky', it's actually quite useful. The light bar, when implemented properly, is actually quite functional, such as indicating your health level. Anyway, off topic now. Looking at maybe getting one of these, however my internet is pretty useless. Is it worthwhile me even bothering due to the large downloads that seem to be the case for every game? If you buy on disc and don't buy Halo:MCC you won't be having massive downloads. There are still game with stupid patches that are >5GB, but they are rare. Every game will have patches, but I wouldn't let it stop you from buying a console, you can always let them download overnight or while at work if it takes you a long time and buying on disc means the game just has to install which has no bearing on internet. Still no oneguide support for Australia in the 1502 beta update. Can't believe the Netherlands got it before us. I know we are a small market but we are double the size of them. This is getting ridiculous. There was a quote soon after launch from Xbox Australia saying that it was coming soon. Yeah, I thought the same thing, but then remembered who runs the TV networks here. Soon in Aussie TV land = when/if it happens. Not soon as in a few months like every other person on the face of the earth expects. Man I hate the TV industry here. If you buy on disc and don't buy Halo:MCC you won't be having massive downloads. We just installed Forza 5 last night, 15GB download from a disc-based game. Quite frankly it's starting to piss me off that you have to wait until the next day to play a disc-based game. Why does the One take so long? Because the downloads are so large. Even on my 20Mbps it downloads at best at around 6GB/hour assuming zero other traffic. So it's anywhere between 3 and 8 hours before you can play the game you just bought. Could it be a Freeview certification issue? I can't see why it can't be released regardless. There's no law that says all devices have to be Freeview certified that i'm aware o We may never get the TV guide One Guide due to Australian copyright laws and epgs, just like Windows Media Centre never got it, Wiiu doesn't have it either. Any more info on that? There's a full tv guide available on all tv's. Why can't that just be used like all tv's use now? Supplement that with a thirdparty source of which i'm sure there is some one that would love to team up with Xbox.f. Guide info can be a bit crap though without freeview, and the ones who do collect good guide info charge for it. This has always confused me. Why can't companies just manually compile their own list; it's public information. Just hire some grunt to sit there and hand type it out each week (assuming it's illegal to screen scrape). Their salary would still be cheaper than FV licensing costs. Or is it illegal to even publish a list without permission? Surely that can't be the case? What are all those iPhone apps doing? This area confuses me so much. It seems like it should be such a simple problem to solve. There's a full tv guide available on all tv's. Why can't that just be used like all tv's use now?. Yes this is what I mean. I don't get it! There's more to freeview than the Ep Guide. It's a set of rules as well, such as no skipping of advertising etc Basically anyone who wants to use it must purchase a license to use it and then meet the requirements. Oh that makes sense. So if it's just a dumb overlay of TV times that's free, but if you're talking about devices with skipping / recording functionality like Xbox it's a whole different ball game. So Microsoft's only option is to just dumb down the feature set? But again what's to stop another company from just selling them a list. All they need is a list of times. It's public info isn't it? Sorta yes and no. No one's going to want to scrape a newspaper website to get the days tv guide, or the guide from the sunday paper – means your tv guide could be 7 days out of day if there's a shift or channel changes etc. Beggars can't be choosy, but at the same time I guess a company as big as MS would look pretty bad if it was just some dude in a dark room hand copying it from a newspaper and it was wrong lol. So do Freeview rules change according to how much you pay? Like are there different license agreements? Or is it the same across the board? I mean, is it even possible for a device that has the ability to record and skip ads to be licensed? Are there any precedents or should we give up and just order a feature-less version of the adapter from the UK? No one's going to want to scrape a newspaper website to get the days tv guide, or the guide from the sunday paper – means your tv guide could be 7 days out of day if there's a shift or channel changes etc. Again, it still doesn't make sense. The guide is there and available over FTA – every digital TV/tuner has access to it, I can't see why the Xbox tuner dongle wouldn't do the same. I might be wrong, but I don't believe my TV has any Freeview certification and the guide works as well I can want. Things like interactive EPG (whatever that is supposed to be) I don't think matters, as isn't that essentially what OneGuide is supposed to offer? As you say there's no point in getting worked up over nothing at the moment – it's just one of those things where it seems we're getting shafted just for being in Aus. Ultimately whatever MS' plan for OneGuide etc it's not ready yet so no point getting too worked up till they bring the milk let alone spill it. I'm not getting worked up. I'm perfectly happy to import a UK one knowing full well it will be 'dumb', but what I want to know is whether there's a precedent. Are there any other smart TV's, Apple TV type streamers, media boxes or game consoles that have ever done this in Australia? If not then I will know how to set my expectation. If yes, then it seems I should hold off on importing. I just don't know whether it's ever been done, that's what I'd like to ascertain. PlayTV was a good example of that, if you set it to the UK you could do exactly that, but you couldn't get SBS. Thank you for reminding me to set my PlayTV to UK and retune now that SBS has been restacked! EAD Freeview. I'm using the Xbox DTV Tuner for general TV now. Really convenient to 'Xbox On' straight into TV. Have to keep it set to UK region though, or else I have to set it up again if I change and change back. You get 'what's on' and 'what's next' on your current channel, every now and again the miniguide seems to populate, but generally it doesn't, and if it does it doesn't for long. Changing channels via Kinect would be convenient if it wasn't for the crappy naming of Aust TV channels, especially regionally (well Canberra, but we get regional channels like Prime and Win instead of 7 and 9). It also annoyingly doesn't just stick to Favourites when you channel up and down, so you go through all the goddamned home shopping channels. Fast Forward and rewind are also not live, so it's a mystery where you are fast forwarding or rewinding to in a show, you can't see where it's up to. Advanced warfare. Pretty good campaign actually, and some of the best graphics I've seen. Multiplayer is pretty good, I've played a fair bit and had some pretty good games. Exo suit and abilities add some fun to it. Only downside I've found, which happens always, is campers. The odd bit of lag and a few complaints over in the COD:AW thread. I've taken a break until the new DLC comes out, playing Far Cry 4 at the moment. I did have Ghosts, and while I didn't hate it, I wouldn't recommend it over AW for anyone looking. Hopefully Treyarch keep the standard from BLOPSII going with their next instalment. Anyone finished with Ghosts or AW? I really enjoyed both, but I'm surprised by how quickly I leveled up in AW and tended to stay with the same gun throughout the game (the 'laser' rifle to distinguish the gameplay from other CODs like Ghosts). I remember playing previous COD's online for months. But I feel like there's nothing left to do in AW after a month. It was great fun while it lasted – and I'll still pop in and out on occasion – but it has a short shelf life in my view (not unlike Titanfall, which it superficially resembles). Hey guys I have an Xbox one Media remote and have connected a set top box to my xbox and have no issues changing the volume via the TV with the media remote but I can not change the channel with the media remote because this is done via the set top box. Is there any way to have all the commands controlled via the media remote? If you change your consoles region to US there's an option in the settings menu where you set up your to and surround system for a set top box. Set it up there, same as you do with the TV. If you switch back to Aus region you will lose the settings option but should still have control over the STB. Worked for me with Foxtel. Sent my Day One controller in to be replaced as it had a dead spot when pushing straight up on the left thumbstick. Was told by support that I would get a replacement Day One controller in return. Rang up a 2nd time as they had sent the first replacement to an old address, Got the replacement today which is just a standard one. Rang them back again and explained what I was promised, was told they don't have the Day One's anymore so can't replace them. Was told they will locate the Day One controller and send it back. Does anyone know if it's possible to fix a left thumbstick so that it doesn't have a dead spot? So, after 1.5 hours and 3 different support people, I just got told that a gift card with 'no expiration' (literally the only mention of expiry and typed in bold) has expired, that there's nothing that can be done and basically suck eggs. Anyone have any advice on how to handle this, have photos of the gift card and screencaps of the chat. I mean it's only for $10, but that's besides the point, got it at PAX and left it until I had an Xbox to redeem it on, only for it to apparently expire at the new year. I mean apparently if anything could've been done it would've from the start of the first chat, instead they wasted over an hour of my time. Like do I email them and give them a chance to make it right or just straight up complain to the ACCC? Since we announced Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel, one of the questions we’ve gotten the most often from our fans is “when is it coming to next-gen?” Well, get your Xbox Ones and PlayStation 4s ready – not only is Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel coming, but so is Borderlands 2! Both titles are making their way over to next-gen consoles in one package as Borderlands: The Handsome Collection on March 24, 2015 in North America and March 27, 2015 internationally! We’re excited to offer fans The Handsome Collection as it bundles the complete story of the franchise’s most iconic villain, Handsome Jack, and all in stunning high definition, with high performance and graphical fidelity never before seen on consoles! On top of that, for the first time ever in a Borderlands game, The Handsome Collection offers four-player local split screen meaning four friends can shoot-n-loot together on a single television. Already started Borderlands 2 and/or Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel on PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita or Xbox 360? Good news: using cross-save functionality, you’ll be able to continue where you left off by transferring your prior-gen save including your leveled up characters and Badass Rank to your next-gen console! (Note that cross-save will only work within the same console family – e.g., Xbox 360 to Xbox One and PlayStation 3/Vita to PlayStation 4). Not only are you getting both games for the price of one ($59.99), but The Handsome Collection also includes a boatload of add-on content as well. You’ll be getting all of the downloadable content for both titles which is a whole lot. Pretty excited about this one. Had BL2 on the 360 before trading it in, still had heaps to do in that game. Borderlands 2 and Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel Come To Next-Gen in Borderlands: The Handsome Collection Excellent. This is the best bit ↓ 'Already started Borderlands 2 and/or Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel on PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita or Xbox 360? Good news: using cross-save functionality, you’ll be able to continue where you left off by transferring your prior-gen save including your leveled up characters and Badass Rank to your next-gen console! (Note that cross-save will only work within the same console family – e.g., Xbox 360 to Xbox One and PlayStation 3/Vita to PlayStation 4).' Stoked by that. And this ↓ 'On top of that, for the first time ever in a Borderlands game, The Handsome Collection offers four-player local split screen meaning four friends can shoot-n-loot together on a single television.' Well done Gearbox. Kudos for the local co-op. Funny how we've had arguably the smallest jump in graphics from one generation to another with these consoles and yet all these remasters are popping up. A lot of these remastered games were also the best looking games of the previous generation, so they don't offer much if you've played them already. It's good that more people are able to play them, but would have been nicer if there was actually a massive difference overall. At least with Borderlands you get the pre-sequel which is new to this gen. Trying to buy new DLC for ACU Just as a PSA – that 'new' DLC (Secrets of the Revolution) is simply the 3x bonus missions for preordering or getting special editions (and the costume(s) & weapons that came with those). Check what you've already got first to see if what's left is worth the almost A$10 pricetag: • 'Chemical Revolution' – preorder/included bonus with all versions (Special Ed., Bastille & Notre Dame) • 'The American Prisoner' – included bonus with Bastille & Notre Dame versions • 'Killed by Science' – Preorder bonus. Part of 'AC Unite' preorder competition on Ubi's webpage (had to redeem code from an EB Games preorder & form a team of 4 fellow preorder-ers). It's a 'murder mystery' mission. Edit: Unless you mean 'Dead Kings' DLC, which should be free for all anyway. Most of my mates are pure PC gamers so being able to MP with them is fantastic. Well, we saw just one game that could do this last-gen, and only Fable Legends is confirmed for now. Hopefully devs will get behind this. I'm not fussed about controller vs. Keyboard/mouse or resolution advantages/disadvantages. I'd just be happy to expand my social gaming to include my 'lost' PC brethren:) But for some reason I think fps games will be exempt. The one cross-platform game on 360 (Shadowrun) was an FPS. As long as devs/publishers let gamers choose to play either exclusively on Xbox One, or cross-platform, I don't see an issue. As expected, but confirmation of early access to Battlefield Hardline via EA Access. I know a lot of people aren't interested at all in this (me not included) but it will at least give people the opportunity to give it a go. I'll give it a go. I was late getting 3 on the 360 and quite enjoyed it online. I tried 4, but after getting half way through and saving, only to come back later and all progress was lost, I spat it and gave up on the game. Hopefully Hardline doesn't suffer the same issue. I'll probably buy it if there are no major issues. I'd be surprised if you could play 2 games at once off the same Xbox One. I'd say that scenario wouldn't work. I'm thinking the same. It will 'take up' the console while streaming. MS will come out and say: Wii – can stream to the tiny tablet in your hand PS4 – can stream to a tiny handheld/a Z3 phone One – can stream to ANY Windows 10 PC! It's potentially a big selling point. If I can play current-gen titles (via my One) on my low spec laptop (AMD A8 2.4Ghz/8GB) then I'll be a very happy man and it'll mean more of my spend goes to One rather than Steam. Would be pretty amazing if a developer could code their game to work as 'split screen' over two screens. No doubt graphics would have to take a hit but as an option. After the lack of Kinect use I'm doubtful any big developers will use any other device meaningfully in a game. We can always hope indie devs provide such options. The Division looks to make use of a tablet, so did Plants vs. Zombies, but it doesn't feel integral. I'd love it if your phone was attached to a game, imagine in a horror game all of a sudden your screen goes completely dark, then you receive a phone call on your actual phone. The person on the end gives you directions on how to move in the dark. It'd be such a unique and cool experience. But given the restrictions and extra need for development it probably won't happen. Both can be used at the same time. You would need to be playing under different gamer tags though wouldn't you? Don't think it would let you log into both under the same profile at the same time (never tested it, so could be wrong, but would be surprised if you could).definitely no problem playing two different games if you connect with the home system, even with both games purchased under the one account. I'd just assume you wouldn't be able to log in under the same profile simultaneously, hence needing to use an extra profile. You would need to be playing under different gamer tags though wouldn't you? Don't think it would let you log into both under the same profile at the same time (never tested it, so could be wrong, but would be surprised if you could). Yes, pretty sure you can only be actively using one console at a time. However, you also can use a 'non-purchasing' profile on the second console with all the content. You just have to have the purchasing profile logged in (& connected to Live) – they can be just logged in as a non-active Player 2, they don't have to be the profile you're currently playing as. Sound all a bit to hard? Don't I own the games / xboxes why do I need to sign in / out / do all this rubbish. Would that mean I can't continue to play a game from one xbox to the next? My save file and stuff? It's to stop excessive game-sharing. Otherwise you could buy something, download it as a full, playable copy, then go to a mate's house and do the same for him. Boom – free game(s)!! All game saves should be saved online, not (just) locally on the console. If you go to your second console, it should have you up-to-date with where you left off when you next log in to Live. I've not tested that though, as don't have a second console. But that's how it's supposed to work. Sound all a bit to hard? Don't I own the games / xboxes why do I need to sign in / out / do all this rubbish. Would that mean I can't continue to play a game from one xbox to the next? My save file and stuff? You can play any of the games you own on any xbox you are signed into (as well as access your saved games). In addition to this, you can set one xbox as your home console. On that console anyone who signs in can access your game library, including yourself. You can only be signed into one xbox one at a time though, sign in on one and it will automatically sign you out of the other. Sound all a bit to hard? No, it's dead simple. I move between boxes all the time. Are you actually looking to have one (physical) person play two Xbox Ones simultaneously?!? All game saves should be saved online, not (just) locally on the console. If you go to your second console, it should have you up-to-date with where you left off when you next log in to Live. The game will start to synchronize cloud saves with your locally stored version only when launched, which can take anywhere from 15 seconds, to a couple of minutes, depending on size. However, large cloud saves (80+ mb) can take so long to sync that they cause the console to freeze/hang. Forza 5 and Horizon 2 fall into this category. Even on 100mbit Telstra cable. Microsoft either need to introduce the option to transfer saves via USB, or at least allow manual cloud sync/management. Hey guys, just a question. With Windows 10 coming, is the XBOX getting a new UI? Or whats going to happen from here? There may be a new UI but unlikely as they seem to be sticking with the 'Metro' theme in the tablet and phone versions of Windows 10. There is already one of the three OSes the Xbox uses that uses the windows 8 kernel (core of the OS) I believe this would be the only part that would change to enable the newer features without causing problems to the current games. The best thing about this is that, in theory, all apps available on via the windows store will only need to be purchased once and will be able to be used across all three windows 10 enabled product families (PC/Xbox One/Windows Phone). I wonder if freemium games such as Angry birds, cut the rope, ETC will be playable on the Xbox One or if there will be some form of DRM stopping you? Is ea access worth it. I reckon it is. There are a few freebies (old games) there if they interest you. The best thing is you get trial access to new EA games a week or so before they release. The trial is usually 6 hours of the full game, enough to convince you whether to buy or not. Then you get a 10% discount on purchases. I paid $30 US for the sub and then purchased Madden 15, Fifa 15 and Dragon Age inquisition, saving $6 US on each title. Also saved 10% on the Madden Ultimate Team packs, (spent far too much money on these, love Madden haha) so I'm actually ahead. Edit – I probably wouldn't have bought Dragon Age without the 6 hour trial, don't usually go for RPG's, but the 6 hour trial got me hooked. Not sure if this has been posted before if your Xbox One is like mine and has decided it doesn't want to read discs any more (but you started buying digital copies of games because you're too lazy to do anything about it) this fix actually works. Just hold your finger in the middle of the disc as you're inserting it, leave it there for a sec as the xbox tries to pull in the disc then remove your finger. Can't believe it actually works. I bought my xbox from the MS store so didn't want to have to deal with packaging it up and shipping it off somewhere. Thankfully I can continue to be lazy:). A stupid question here, can't seem to find a solution on google. I want to change my email address that i used to sign on to xb1. I dun owned a xb360 anymore. Can't seem to find any correct answers/help. My current logon email ends with ymail.com and would like to change to gmail.com i tried using 'adding an email alias' but im getting this error. 'This email address is already taken. Please try another.' Maybe i had made a mistake here but creating a MS account using my gmail.com i do not want to create another acct as i have to request my friends again (but i guess this will be my last option if its not possible). I knocked over Saints Row 4: Gat Outta Hell yesterday (bought the game, don't think I finished it on X360 although got to the end). Wasn't bad, no real need to take over anything or do anything really other than story missions but there's a bot of content in it. The whole collectible thing has jumped the shark with 940 of them. Aside from that I didn't mind it but I am a fan of the franchise (I'd actually buy it if they redid the first 3 for xb1). Everything you've come to expect from a Saints game for sure but in a much shorter timeframe. I'd guess you could knock over the story in 4-6hours comfortably (maybe even less). NFI what it costs standalone but if it's 20 bucks it's not too bad for the price and the trip down Saints memory lane. A fellow Novocastrian I assume? Yep, currently living in Nelson Bay but getting out of there later this year and closer to some decent beaches and shops. Hard to get a good game deal when EB has no competition so won't always price match. Current manager is good but, price matches everything, other staff not so open to doing so. The weather is pretty average at the moment hey. Enjoy the game and stay dry. Yeah it's BS after such a great weekend (clear and mid to high 30's). Got seats up the back of the western stand so should be ok. Getting to and from the car (wherever I end up parking) will be the fun part. Will update my controller another time. At JHH awaiting the arrival of baby number 4. Hope it goes well with the baby. I'll do my controller after work, have to pick kids up before going into Newy. Cm 03 04 save game editor. Silica gel game masters trap. Files Mindki. Injustice: Gods Among Us is a fighting game in which players control characters with different fighting styles and special attacks, engaging in one-on-one combat to. As of 30 November 2015, the games.on.net website and forum is no longer available. IiNet and the team would like to thank everyone who was involved in the community of readers, players, downloaders and lurkers alike for their support over the years. Our game servers are still active and will be reviewed again in 2016. Users with eligible broadband services can also continue to make use of the Need assistance with the servers? You can contact our server administrator. 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